I know finding the right body wash for elderly dry skin can be overwhelming, but I’ve discovered some amazing options. For gentle and effective hydration, I recommend Aveeno’s Calm + Restore and Eucerin’s Advanced Cleanser. NIVEA’s Coconut and Almond Milk also works wonders for soothing dry skin. Look for formulas enriched with aloe vera, ceramides, and humectants to nourish and protect. If you want to explore more options tailored for delicate skin, you won’t want to miss the next section.
Key Takeaways
- Look for body washes with moisturizing ingredients like aloe vera, ceramides, and glycerin to enhance hydration for elderly dry skin.
- Choose hypoallergenic and fragrance-free options to minimize skin irritation and allergic reactions in sensitive skin types.
- Consider gentle formulations that cleanse without stripping moisture, ensuring skin remains comfortable and hydrated.
- Rinse-free body wash options provide convenient cleansing for individuals with limited mobility, simplifying the bathing process.
- Dermatologist-recommended brands often offer the safest and most effective solutions for aging skin, ensuring optimal skin health.
Dr. Squatch Natural Body Wash for Men (2 Pack)
If you’re looking for a body wash that’s gentle enough for elderly dry skin, Dr. Squatch Natural Body Wash for Men is a fantastic choice. It comes in both exfoliating and non-exfoliating formulas, so you can pick what works best for you. With natural ingredients and free from harsh chemicals, it hydrates and nourishes the skin while providing a rich lather. I love the long-lasting scents, like Pine Tar, that keep me feeling fresh throughout the day. Plus, the convenient 2-pack offers great value. Just be aware that some might find it tricky to lather perfectly, but it’s definitely worth trying!
Best For: Individuals seeking a natural, hydrating body wash suitable for daily use, especially those with dry skin.
Pros:
- Natural Ingredients: Formulated with real soap and free from sulfates, parabens, and phthalates, making it gentle on the skin.
- Long-lasting Scents: Utilizes Scent-Lock Technology for refreshing fragrances that last throughout the day.
- Value Pack: Comes in a convenient 2-pack, offering good quantity and value for money.
Cons:
- Lathering Issues: Some users have reported difficulty achieving a rich lather.
- Eczema Concerns: A few individuals experienced flare-ups, indicating it may not be suitable for everyone with sensitive skin.
- Price Perception: Some customers feel that the price could be lower for the quantity provided.
Rinse Free Cleansing Foam, 3 in 1 Body Wash and Shampoo (Pack of 3)
For caregivers seeking an effective solution for elderly dry skin, the Rinse Free Cleansing Foam stands out as a top choice. This 3-in-1 body wash and shampoo is perfect for those unable to shower, as it doesn’t require water—just lather it on and wipe clean with a damp cloth. The hospital-grade, sulfate-free formula contains calendula for gentle cleansing and hydration, making it ideal for sensitive skin. It removes odors and barrier creams without irritation. With three 5oz bottles, you’ll have plenty on hand for daily use, making personal care easier for both caregivers and their loved ones.
Best For: Caregivers and individuals needing an effective, rinse-free personal cleansing solution for sensitive skin.
Pros:
- Hospital-grade, sulfate-free, and paraben-free formula ensures gentle cleansing without irritation.
- Convenient for use in various situations, such as post-surgery care, travel, or for individuals with limited mobility.
- Contains calendula for added moisturizing benefits, helping to maintain healthy skin.
Cons:
- Not suitable for those who prefer traditional showering methods.
- May require additional product for heavy-duty cleaning of very soiled areas.
- Limited scent options may not appeal to users looking for a fragrant product.
Dr. Squatch Natural Body Wash for Men (2 Pack)
Dr. Squatch Natural Body Wash for Men comes in a convenient 2-pack, featuring options like Pine Tar and Coconut Castaway. I love that it’s made with natural ingredients and is free from sulfates, parabens, and phthalates. The body scrubber included enhances my shower experience, allowing for a satisfying lather while gently exfoliating my skin. I’ve noticed it hydrates and nourishes my skin without irritation, thanks to its dermatologist-tested formula. However, some users find the scent a bit strong or the lather less than traditional soaps. Overall, it’s a great choice for men looking for effective, natural body care.
Best For: Men and teenage boys seeking a natural body wash that cleanses effectively without harsh chemicals.
Pros:
- Real soap formula that effectively cleanses and hydrates the skin.
- Natural ingredients free from sulfates, parabens, and phthalates, making it gentle on the skin.
- Included body scrubber enhances lathering and exfoliation for a superior shower experience.
Cons:
- Some users find the scent overpowering or not lasting long enough.
- A few reviews mention the need for more product to achieve desired coverage.
- It may not lather as much as traditional bar soap, which could be a downside for some users.
Scrubzz No Rinse Body Wash for Elderly (3 Pack)
Scrubzz No Rinse Body Wash stands out as an ideal choice for elderly individuals struggling with dry skin, thanks to its gentle, rinse-free formula enriched with Aloe Vera. I love that it’s vegan-friendly and hypoallergenic, ensuring a safe cleanse without harsh chemicals. Perfect for travel or situations where bathing isn’t possible, it’s especially helpful for those bedridden or dealing with incontinence. Users rave about feeling fresh without any residue, and I appreciate how easy the foaming action is to apply. For anyone seeking a convenient way to maintain hygiene, this 3-pack is a game changer.
Best For: Individuals, particularly the elderly or those with limited mobility, who require a gentle, rinse-free body wash for maintaining hygiene without water.
Pros:
- Gentle formula enriched with Aloe Vera, ensuring soothing care for dry or sensitive skin.
- Convenient for travel, hospital stays, or situations where bathing isn’t feasible.
- Hypoallergenic and vegan-friendly, free from harsh chemicals like parabens and sulfates, making it safe for all users.
Cons:
- May not provide the same feeling of cleanliness as traditional water-based washing for some users.
- Foaming action may require more product for larger areas, potentially leading to quicker depletion of bottles.
- Limited scent options, which may not appeal to everyone.
Aveeno Skin Relief Body Wash for Sensitive Skin (33 FL OZ)
Finding the right body wash can make a world of difference for those with sensitive, dry skin, especially for the elderly. I’ve found that Aveeno Skin Relief Body Wash is a game-changer. Its Triple Oat formula soothes irritation while gently cleansing. I love that it’s free from sulfates and fragrances, making it safe for everyone. Many users, including myself, noticed relief from redness and itchiness, leaving skin soft and hydrated. Plus, the 33 fl oz size offers great value. Just lather it up and rinse for a revitalizing experience. For extra moisture, I recommend pairing it with Aveeno Skin Relief Moisturizing Lotion.
Best For: Individuals with sensitive, dry skin, including those with eczema or allergies, seeking a gentle and moisturizing body wash.
Pros:
- Gentle formula: Free from sulfates, fragrances, parabens, and dyes, making it safe for sensitive skin.
- Effective hydration: Contains a Triple Oat formula that soothes irritation and locks in moisture.
- Value for money: The 33 fl oz size lasts longer compared to smaller bottles, making it cost-effective.
Cons:
- Packaging issues: Some users reported leakage upon delivery, raising concerns about packaging integrity.
- Limited scent: While many appreciate the minimal scent, others may prefer a body wash with a stronger fragrance.
- Not suitable for all skin types: Although designed for sensitive skin, those with very specific skin conditions should consult a dermatologist before use.
Aveeno Daily Moisturizing Body Wash for Dry Skin (33 FL OZ)
Aveeno Daily Moisturizing Body Wash for Dry Skin is an exceptional choice for anyone struggling with dry, sensitive skin, especially elderly individuals who may require extra care. I love how this creamy, sulfate-free wash gently cleanses while keeping my skin’s moisture barrier intact. Infused with prebiotic oat, it leaves my skin feeling smoother and softer after each use. The light scent is pleasant, and I appreciate that it’s allergy-tested and free from harsh additives. It even doubles as a shave gel! With a generous 33-ounce bottle, I find it to be a great value for nourishing my dry skin daily.
Best For: Individuals with dry or sensitive skin, particularly those seeking gentle cleansing and hydration.
Pros:
- Moisturizes and nourishes skin without drying effects, making it suitable for daily use.
- Creamy texture creates a rich lather, enhancing the overall bathing experience.
- Generous 33-ounce bottle offers great value for the price.
Cons:
- Some users have reported concerns about shipping packaging leading to potential leaks.
- The light scent may not appeal to everyone, particularly those who prefer fragrance-free products.
- Limited availability in certain areas may make it difficult to find in stores.
Dove Body Wash with Pump for Dry Skin (30.6 oz)
Dove Body Wash with Pump for Dry Skin (30.6 oz) stands out as an exceptional choice for those grappling with the challenges of elderly dry skin. It offers 24-hour renewing MicroMoisture, ensuring my skin feels soft and hydrated after every shower. The formula, packed with plant-based moisturizers, gently cleanses without leaving a greasy residue, which I truly appreciate. I love that it’s sulfate-free and vegan, making it gentle on my skin. Plus, it’s dermatologist-recommended, so I feel confident using it daily. With its eco-friendly packaging, I know I’m also making a positive impact on the environment.
Best For: Individuals with dry skin looking for a moisturizing body wash that is gentle and dermatologist-recommended.
Pros:
- Provides 24-hour renewing MicroMoisture for long-lasting hydration.
- Sulfate-free and vegan formula, making it suitable for sensitive skin.
- Eco-friendly packaging made from 100% recycled plastic.
Cons:
- Larger size may be cumbersome for travel or small bathrooms.
- Some users may prefer stronger scents, as the fragrance may be mild.
- Higher price point compared to some standard body washes.
Rinse Free Cleansing Foam, 3 in 1 Body Wash and Shampoo (Pack of 3)
For those caring for elderly individuals, the Rinse Free Cleansing Foam, 3 in 1 Body Wash and Shampoo is a standout choice. It’s perfect for those who are bedridden or need assistance, as it requires no water—just lather it on and wipe clean with a damp cloth. The hospital-grade, sulfate-free formula contains calendula, which gently cleanses and moisturizes sensitive skin. I love that it effectively removes odors and creams without irritation. Plus, with three 5oz pump bottles in a pack, I never worry about running out. It’s truly a lifesaver for maintaining hygiene with ease and comfort.
Best For: Individuals caring for the elderly, disabled, bedridden, or those with limited mobility who require a convenient and gentle cleansing solution.
Pros:
- Convenient and easy to use without the need for water, making it ideal for travel or post-surgery care.
- Gentle on sensitive skin with a hospital-grade, sulfate-free formula enriched with calendula for moisturizing properties.
- Effective in removing odors and creams without causing irritation, ensuring comfort for users.
Cons:
- May not replace traditional bathing for those who prefer a full shower experience.
- Limited fragrance options, which might not appeal to everyone who enjoys scented products.
- Potentially higher cost compared to standard body washes, particularly for those on a budget.
No-Rinse Body Wash (Pack of 2)
If you’re looking for a body wash that provides cleanliness without the need for rinsing, the No-Rinse Body Wash (Pack of 2) is an excellent choice for elderly individuals with dry skin. This 8 fl oz wash leaves your skin clean, moisturized, and odor-free, all without irritation. It’s perfect for those with physical limitations, as it works well with a damp washcloth or straight from the bottle. I love that it’s safe for sensitive skin and contains no alcohol. Plus, it’s trusted by many hospitals across the USA, making it a reliable option for anyone needing gentle care.
Best For: Individuals with physical limitations, sensitive skin, or those needing convenient bathing solutions without rinsing.
Pros:
- Gentle and moisturizing formula that leaves skin clean without irritation.
- Convenient and easy to use with a damp washcloth or directly from the bottle.
- Trusted by hospitals across the USA, ensuring reliability and safety.
Cons:
- Some users may desire improved application methods for ease of use.
- Limited scent options may not appeal to everyone.
- Not a substitute for traditional bathing for those who prefer a full wash experience.
Lubriderm Advanced Therapy Body Wash for Itchy, Dry Skin
Lubriderm Advanced Therapy Body Wash is an excellent choice for anyone struggling with itchy, dry skin, especially seniors who often face these challenges. This nourishing cleanser, enriched with Pro-Ceramide, Vitamin E, and Pro-Vitamin B5, effectively cleanses while moisturizing. I love that it’s fragrance-free and hypoallergenic, making it suitable for sensitive skin. Users often report significant hydration and relief from itchiness, which I’ve found to be true. Just squeeze it onto a washcloth, lather, and rinse. For ideal hydration, follow up with the Lubriderm Advanced Therapy Lotion. It’s affordable and a great addition to any skincare routine!
Best For: Individuals with itchy, dry skin, particularly seniors and those with sensitive skin.
Pros:
- Fragrance-free and hypoallergenic, ideal for sensitive skin.
- Contains nourishing ingredients like Pro-Ceramide, Vitamin E, and Pro-Vitamin B5 that help maintain skin’s moisture barrier.
- Users report significant hydration and relief from itchiness at an affordable price.
Cons:
- Some users experienced redness or irritation, indicating varied results.
- A few found it less effective than other products after prolonged use.
- May not provide the same level of hydration for everyone, depending on skin type.
Nivea Men Maximum Hydration Body Wash (30 Fl Oz)
Nivea Men Maximum Hydration Body Wash (30 Fl Oz) stands out as an excellent choice for those dealing with dry skin, particularly during colder months. This versatile product not only cleanses but also serves as a shaving gel and moisturizer. Enriched with Aloe Vera, it delivers long-lasting hydration, leaving my skin feeling soft and soothed without any greasy residue. I love its fresh, citrusy scent combined with woody amber notes, which feels modern and masculine. Plus, the flip-top cap design makes it easy to use, even with wet hands. It’s budget-friendly, and I’ve found it effective for daily use!
Best For: Men with dry skin looking for a multi-use body wash that provides hydration, cleanses, and can also be used for shaving.
Pros:
- Enriched with Aloe Vera for soothing hydration and skin softness.
- Versatile product that serves as a body wash, shaving gel, and moisturizer.
- Budget-friendly with effective lathering capabilities requiring only a small amount.
Cons:
- Some users may initially have mixed feelings about the scent.
- The simplicity of packaging may not appeal to those looking for more premium designs.
- May not provide enough moisture for extremely dry skin during harsh winter conditions.
Dove Body Wash with Pump for Sensitive Skin (30.6 oz)
Dove Body Wash with Pump for Sensitive Skin (30.6 oz) stands out as an exceptional choice for anyone grappling with dry, sensitive skin, particularly older adults. This hypoallergenic, paraben-free, and sulfate-free body wash combines a Moisture Renew Blend with gentle ingredients, effectively washing away bacteria while nourishing the skin. I love the mild, pH-balanced formula that lathers beautifully without stripping natural moisture. The convenient pump design makes it easy to use, and its pleasant scent isn’t overpowering. With positive user reviews and great value, it’s a reliable option that leaves my skin soft, hydrated, and irritation-free.
Best For: Individuals with dry or sensitive skin, including older adults, seeking a gentle and moisturizing body wash.
Pros:
- Hypoallergenic, paraben-free, and sulfate-free formula suitable for sensitive skin.
- Convenient pump design allows for easy dispensing and controlled usage.
- Leaves skin feeling soft, hydrated, and irritation-free after use.
Cons:
- The mild scent may not be appealing to those who prefer stronger fragrances.
- Larger size might be cumbersome for travel or small bathrooms.
- Some users may find it less effective for heavy-duty cleaning compared to traditional body washes.
NIVEA Coconut and Almond Milk Moisturizing Body Wash (30 Fl Oz)
For anyone struggling with dry skin, the NIVEA Coconut and Almond Milk Moisturizing Body Wash stands out as an exceptional choice. I love how this product is enriched with nourishing serum and essential skin lipids, which really hydrate my skin. The relaxing tropical scent of coconut and almond milk is a delightful bonus! It gently cleanses without causing irritation, and the creamy lather even works well for shaving. Plus, it’s free of parabens and microplastic particles, making it a safe option. I definitely recommend pairing it with NIVEA Body Lotion for extra moisture and softness throughout the day.
Best For: Individuals with dry skin seeking a moisturizing body wash that cleanses gently and leaves skin feeling soft and hydrated.
Pros:
- Enriched with nourishing serum and essential skin lipids for effective hydration.
- Pleasant tropical scent of coconut and almond milk enhances the bathing experience.
- Creamy lather can be used for both cleansing and shaving purposes.
Cons:
- May not be suitable for individuals with sensitive skin due to potential fragrance sensitivity.
- The pump bottle may dispense more product than needed with each use.
- Some users may prefer a stronger scent for a more aromatic experience.
Aveeno Calm + Restore Daily Body Wash for Sensitive Skin
Aveeno Calm + Restore Daily Body Wash stands out as an excellent choice for elderly individuals dealing with dry, sensitive skin. I appreciate its gentle formula, which includes antioxidant oat and aloe, making it perfect for my delicate skin. This body wash cleanses effectively without stripping moisture, and it’s free from harsh chemicals and fragrances. I’ve found it leaves my skin feeling soft and hydrated, without any greasy residue. While some may find it a bit pricey, the results are worth it. Just be cautious if you have aloe allergies. Overall, it’s a soothing option that I highly recommend.
Best For: Individuals with sensitive, dry skin, including elderly users and those experiencing irritation from conditions like eczema.
Pros:
- Gentle formula with antioxidant oat and aloe, perfect for delicate skin.
- Cleanses effectively without stripping moisture, leaving skin soft and hydrated.
- Free from harsh chemicals, fragrances, and dyes, making it suitable for sensitive users.
Cons:
- Price is higher compared to other drugstore body washes.
- Some users may experience a slightly sticky feeling initially.
- Not specifically formulated for eczema, which may lead to mixed results for some users.
Eucerin Advanced Cleansing Body and Face Cleanser (16.9 Fl Oz)
If you’re looking for a gentle yet effective body wash, Eucerin Advanced Cleansing Body and Face Cleanser is an excellent choice for anyone with normal-to-dry, sensitive skin. This 2-in-1 cleanser features a pH-balanced, soap-free formula that leaves my skin feeling clean and moisturized without irritation. I love that it’s free of fragrances, dyes, and parabens, making it perfect for daily use. While the thin consistency requires careful pouring, I appreciate its effectiveness on both my face and body. At around $9.39, it’s affordable and worth every penny, especially for those struggling with sensitive skin or eczema.
Best For: Individuals with normal-to-dry, sensitive skin looking for a gentle, effective cleanser.
Pros:
- pH-balanced and soap-free formula that maintains skin’s moisture and protective barrier.
- Free of fragrances, dyes, and parabens, making it suitable for daily use and for those with skin sensitivities.
- Affordable price point at around $9.39, providing good value for a high-quality cleanser.
Cons:
- Thin consistency can make pouring challenging and may lead to spills.
- Some users report slight skin stripping, though many prefer its gentle properties.
- Packaging issues with leaking during shipping have been noted by users.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Body Wash for Elderly Dry Skin
When choosing a body wash for elderly dry skin, I reflect on a few key factors. It’s crucial to take into account skin sensitivity, moisturizing ingredients, and the ease of use. I also prefer fragrance-free options and rinse-free formulas to keep things simple and gentle.
Skin Sensitivity and Irritation
Choosing the right body wash for elderly dry skin is essential, as it can make all the difference in maintaining comfort and preventing irritation. I’ve found that many elderly individuals have thinner skin and lower moisture levels, which makes them more prone to sensitivity from harsh cleansers. That’s why I focus on hypoallergenic products free from sulfates, parabens, and fragrances—these ingredients can really worsen skin irritation. Instead, I look for body washes with soothing elements like aloe vera or oats. Additionally, dermatologist-recommended formulas are worth considering, as they’re usually gentle and pH-balanced, helping to maintain the skin’s natural barrier. Regularly using a moisturizing body wash can greatly enhance hydration and comfort, reducing the risk of dryness and irritation.
Moisturizing Ingredients Importance
Finding the right body wash for elderly dry skin goes beyond just avoiding irritants; it’s also about incorporating effective moisturizing ingredients. I’ve found that ingredients like aloe vera, ceramides, and natural oils are vital. They help restore and maintain the skin’s moisture barrier, preventing dryness and irritation. Look for humectants like glycerin, which draw moisture from the environment into the skin, enhancing hydration. Additionally, oatmeal extract and vitamin E offer soothing properties, alleviating discomfort from itchy skin. Dermatologist-recommended washes often exclude harsh chemicals, fragrances, and sulfates, making them safer for aging skin. Finally, a balanced pH is essential, as it protects against dryness and supports overall skin health. Choosing wisely can lead to considerably improved skin comfort and hydration.
Rinse-Free Options Consideration
Considering the unique needs of elderly individuals, rinse-free body wash options can greatly enhance personal hygiene routines. For those with limited mobility, these products make cleansing accessible without the hassle of a traditional shower. I appreciate that many rinse-free cleansers are pH-balanced and free from harsh chemicals, providing gentle care for sensitive, dry skin. Plus, they often contain moisturizing ingredients like aloe vera or calendula, which soothe and hydrate while reducing irritation. The convenience of pump or foaming dispensers makes application easy, minimizing mess. Most importantly, they effectively eliminate odors and cleanse the skin without rinsing, perfect for use in hospitals, care facilities, or at home for those unable to bathe regularly.
Ease of Use
How can we guarantee that the body wash we select meets the unique needs of elderly individuals with dry skin? I always look for body washes in pump bottles, as they make dispensing so much easier for those with limited mobility. Rinse-free options are a game changer, allowing for effective cleansing without the hassle of rinsing. I also prioritize gentle formulas free from harsh chemicals to minimize irritation on sensitive skin. Moisturizing benefits are essential too, as they help combat dryness and keep skin hydrated. Finally, choosing pH-balanced products guarantees we maintain the skin’s natural moisture barrier, providing a comfortable cleansing experience. These factors help create a simple and effective bathing routine for our elderly loved ones.
Fragrance-Free Formulations Preference
Choosing the right body wash for elderly individuals with dry skin involves not just ease of use but also the formulation’s impact on their skin. I always recommend fragrance-free options, as fragrances can irritate and trigger allergic reactions, which are more common in sensitive skin. Many fragrance-free body washes are hypoallergenic, free from common irritants that could worsen existing conditions. By avoiding fragrances, we help maintain the skin’s natural moisture barrier, reducing the risk of dryness and discomfort. Dermatologists often endorse these products for daily use, ensuring consistent hydration. Plus, fragrance-free body washes enhance the bathing experience, steering clear of overwhelming scents that could cause respiratory issues. It’s a simple yet effective choice for better skin health.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Often Should Elderly Individuals Use Body Wash?
I believe elderly individuals should use body wash regularly, ideally daily, to maintain skin cleanliness and health. However, it really depends on personal preference and skin sensitivity. I’ve found that using a gentle body wash that hydrates can make a big difference, especially for dry skin. If someone’s skin feels particularly dry or irritated, they might consider adjusting the frequency or opting for a milder cleanser to avoid stripping natural oils.
Are Fragrance-Free Body Washes Better for Sensitive Skin?
When I think about soothing skin, I often picture gentle, fragrance-free formulas. Yes, fragrance-free body washes are generally better for sensitive skin. They eliminate irritating scents that can trigger reactions. I’ve found that these washes cleanse without causing discomfort, making them ideal for those with easily irritated skin. If you’re sensitive, I’d recommend sticking to fragrance-free options. They keep the skin calm and comfortable, allowing for a rejuvenating, pleasant washing experience.
Can Body Wash Help With Skin Conditions Like Eczema?
Absolutely, I’ve found that certain body washes can really help with skin conditions like eczema. They often contain soothing ingredients that hydrate and calm irritated skin. I always look for options that are gentle, fragrance-free, and packed with nourishing elements. It’s made a noticeable difference for me. Just remember, it’s important to consult with a dermatologist to find the best products for your specific needs and guarantee they’re safe for you.
What’s the Difference Between Body Wash and Soap?
When I think about the difference between body wash and soap, it really comes down to their formulation. Body wash tends to be more moisturizing and often contains added ingredients like oils or vitamins, making it gentler on my skin. Soap, on the other hand, can be harsher and may strip away natural oils. I prefer body wash because it leaves my skin feeling soft and hydrated after my shower.
How Should Body Wash Be Applied for Best Results?
When I apply body wash, I always start by wetting my skin thoroughly. Then, I squeeze a small amount onto my loofah or washcloth. I gently massage it onto my body in circular motions, focusing on areas that need extra care. Rinsing thoroughly is essential, so I make sure to remove all the product. I love following up with a moisturizer to lock in hydration and keep my skin feeling soft and smooth.
Conclusion
In my quest to find the perfect body wash for elderly dry skin, I discovered that the right choice can truly be a gentle embrace. Each product on this list offers nourishment and hydration, transforming the daily routine into a soothing ritual. Remember, it’s not just about cleansing; it’s about caring for our loved ones’ skin with kindness. Let’s guarantee their bath time is filled with comfort and love, keeping their skin feeling cherished and revitalized.
